What is the Cost of Capital, Debt, and Preferred Stock? 

This article deals with the estimation of the value of capital and its components. we'll find out how to estimate the value of debt, the value of preferred shares , and therefore the cost of common shares . we will also determine the way to compute the load of every cost of the capital component then they're going to estimate the general cost of capital. 
The cost of capital refers to the return rate that an organization gives to its investors. If an organization doesn’t provide enough return, economic process will decrease the costs of their stock and bonds to revive the balance. A firm’s long-run and short-run financial decisions are linked to every other by the assistance of the firm’s cost of capital. 

The cost of capital, in its most elementary form, may be a weighted average of the prices of raising funds for an investment or a business, thereupon funding taking the shape of either debt or equity. the value of equity will reflect the danger that equity investors see within the investment and therefore the cost of debt also will reflect the default risk that lenders perceive from that very same investment. The weights on each component will reflect what proportion of every source are going to be utilized in financing the investment. 

A company's weighted monetary value of capital (WACC) represents the typical interest rate; a corporation must pay to finance its operations, asset purchases, or other needs. It also signifies the minimum average rate of return the corporate must earn on its current assets, to satisfy its shareholders or owners, investors, and creditors. 
A company can raise the fund by issuing the debt, common shares (equity), and preferred shares (hybrid equity). 

Components of WACC

There are several components to the value of capital for a firm. 
These are: 
1. Cost of debt 
2. Cost of preferred shares 
3. Cost of common shares 

Together these three components are then “weighted” supported by the odds they're utilized in the corporate. 
All of the capital sources have some risk attached thereto also because of the return factor with them that's why a corporation raise their funds from different sources rather than using just one of them. The return rate or rate of interest that a corporation has got to pay to its investor for the fund is term because of the cost of that specific capital source. and therefore, the WACC (weighted monetary value of capital) consists of the sum of all costs of all capital sources. 
A company's weighted monetary value of capital represents the typical rate of interest a corporation must pay to finance its operations, asset purchases, or other needs. It also signifies the minimum average rate of return the corporate must earn on its current assets to satisfy its shareholders or owners, investors, and creditors. 

Cost of Debt 

The cost of long-term debt is that the rate of interest of the long-term borrowing after the deduction of the taxes, and it's represented by the term “rd”. The important cost is our marginal debt cost which is that the next dollar of debt. the value of debt varies from time to time due to the economic process which suggests if a corporation issue more debt than the rate of interest of the present debt varies from the prevailing debt. 
The cost of debt is that the yield to maturity on the firm's debt and similarly, the value of preferred shares is that the yield on the company's preferred shares calculation. 
Here, rd represents the before-tax return, and t represents the company rate . 

E.g., Falcons Footwear Falcons Footwear may be a company that produces sneakers for youngsters . Each sneaker features a pattern of black and red falcon head thereon. Their marginal rate is 40%, and that they have $100 million notional, 30-year bonds with a 7% coupon. The bonds currently sell for par. What’s the after-tax cost of debt? 
Ans: Since the bonds are selling for par, we all know that the YTM equals the coupon rate of seven. 
After-Tax Cost of Debt = 0.07 × (1 − 0.4) = 0.042 or 4.2% 
Debt Component: the value of debt (rd) is that the rate that firms need to pay once they borrow money from banks, finance companies, and other lenders. it's essentially measured by calculating the yield to maturity (YTM) on a firm’s outstanding bonds. 

Worked example 1: Measuring the weighted monetary value of a mortgage 
Jim wants to refinance his home by removing one mortgage and paying off all the opposite sub-prime and prime mortgages that he took on while the going was good. Listed below are the balances and rates owed on each of his outstanding home-equity loans and mortgages: 
 Lender Balance Rate : 
First Cut-Throat Bank $ 150,000 7.5% 
Second Considerate Bank $ 35,000 8.5% 
Third Pawn Mortgage Co. $ 15,000 9.5% 
Below what rate wouldn't it add up for Jim to consolidate of these loans and refinance the entire amount? 

Ans :
Jim’s weighted monetary value of borrowing = Proportion of every loan * Rate 
=(150,000/200,000)*.075+(35,000/200,000)*.085+(15,000/200,000)*.095 
= (.75*.075) + (.175*.085) (+.075*.095) = .07825 or 7.825% 
Jim’s monetary value of financing his house is 7.825%. 
Any rate below 7.825% would be beneficial. 
 

Worked example 2: Calculating the value of debt 
 Kellogg’s wants to boost a further $3,000,000 of debt as a part of the capital that might be needed to expand its operations into the Morning Foods sector. They were informed by their investment banking consultant that they might need to pay a commission of three .5% of the asking price on new issues. Their CFO is within the process of estimating the corporation’s cost of debt for inclusion into the WACC equation. the corporate currently has an 8%, AA-rated, non-callable bond outstanding, which pays interest semi-annually, will mature in 17 years, features a $1000 face value, and is currently trading at $1075. Calculate the acceptable cost of debt for the firm. 

Ans: First determine internet proceeds on each bond = Asking price –Commission 
=$1075-(.035*1075) = $1037.38 
 Using a financial calculator we enter: 
P/Y = C/Y = 2 
Input 34 ? -1037.38 40 1000 
Key N I/Y PV PMT FV 
Output 7.60% 
The appropriate cost of debt for Kellogg’s is 7.6%. 

Cost of Preferred Shares

Preferred stock dividends aren't tax-deductible to the corporate that issues them. preferred shares dividends are paid out of after-tax cash flows so there's no tax adjustment for the issuing company. When investors buy preferred shares, they expect to earn a particular return. The return they expect to earn on preferred shares is denoted rps. Dps is that the dividend from preferred shares, Pps is that the price of preferred shares. 
Component Cost of Preferred Stock= rps = Dps /Pps 

Eg., Falcons Footwear Falcons Footwear has 2 million shares of preferred shares selling for $85/share. Its annual dividend is $7.50. What’s the rps? 
Component Cost of preferred shares = rps = $7.50 $85.00 = 0.0882 or 8.82% 
 Calculating the value of preferred shares 
You can use the subsequent formula to calculate the value of preferred stock: 
Cost of preferred shares = preferred shares dividend / preferred shares price 

For the calculation inputs, use a preferred shares price that reflects the present market price , and use the well-liked dividend on an annual basis. you'll also think about the projected rate of growth of the company's dividends with the subsequent formula: 
Cost of preferred shares = preferred shares dividend at year 1 / preferred shares price + dividend rate of growth 

The cost of preferred shares will likely be above the value of debt, as debt usually represents the least-risky component of a company's cost of capital. If a firm uses preferred shares as a source of financing, then it should include the value of the well-liked stock, with dividends, in its weighted monetary value of capital formula. 
Preferred stock may be a hybrid security, i.e., it’s both debt and equity. The stock return is calculated as its dividend divided by its price. 
 
Example 3: Cost of preferred shares 
Kellogg’s also will be issuing new preferred shares worth $1 million. they're going to pay a dividend of $4 per share which features a market value of $40. The floatation cost on preferred will amount to $2 per share. what's their cost of preferred stock? 
Net price on preferred shares = $38; 
Dividend on preferred = $4 
Cost of preferred = rp = $4/$38 = 10.53% 
 

Common mistakes

• Mistake in accounting and calculations 
• Differentiation isn't clear between equity and debt financing.

Formula

• Cost of preferred shares = preferred shares dividend / preferred shares price 
• Cost of preferred shares = preferred shares dividend at year 1 / preferred shares price + dividend rate of growth 
• Component Cost of Preferred Stock= rps = Dps /Pps 
• After-Tax Component Cost of Debt = rd − (rd × T) = rd × (1 − T) 

Context and Application 

• Accountancy 
• B.Com in Finance